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The Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 (S.193.ENR) is an enrolled bill, passed by both Houses of the 109th United States Congress, to increase the fines and penalties for violating the prohibitions against the broadcast of obscene, indecent, or profane language.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005 )〕 It was originally proposed in 2004 as the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2004 (S. 2056/H.R. 3717); this preliminary bill was never passed. Republican Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas sponsored both United States Senate bills; Senators Joe Lieberman (D-Conn.), Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.), Rick Santorum (R-Pa.), George Allen (R-Va.) initially co-sponsored the bill at its reintroduction in January 26, 2005. ==History== The bill became public law No. 109-235 in June 15, 2006 when President George W. Bush signed it in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Executive Office Building. By this time, the bill was co-sponsored by 27 senators in total. As President Bush made his signature, he commented that the bill was ultimately “going to help American parents by making broadcast television and radio more family-friendly.” 〔 The bill's credibility and justification for stronger censorship has been contested as a challenger to free speech and artistic expression. The push for stronger government policies that enforce censorship peaked after the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) investigated the incident that occurred during the Super Bowl XXXVIII Halftime Show. An estimated 140 million people were watching the show when at the end, pop star Justin Timberlake popped off part of Janet Jackson's corset, exposing her breast. The subsequent “Nipplegate” controversy was a prominent topic of discussion of the general public. At the time, the FCC Chairman Michael Powell said MTV and the CBS network's more than 200 affiliates and company-owned stations could be fined $27,500 a piece.〔 The FCC made notice about the complaints received in the weeks after the incident. The Commission ultimately remarked, “The Commission does, however, have the authority to enforce statutory and regulatory provisions restricting indecency. Specifically, it is a violation of federal law to broadcast obscene, indecent or profane programming. Title 18 of the United States Code, Section 1464 prohibits the utterance of any 'obscene, indecent or profane language by means of radio communication.'”〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NOTICE OF APPARENT LIABILITY FOR FORFEITURE )〕 The range of the FCC's authority over censorship for inappropriate conduct on the airwaves, however, was only a part of the concern. As the investigation developed, the major concern was whether or not the monetary retribution for violation was adequate enough. With the proposal of the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2004, it was to be determined by the Commissioner that any violator was subject to fines up to $275,000 for the first violation, $375,000 for the second violation, and $500,000 for the third and any subsequent violations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Broadcast Decency Act of 2004 )〕 The incremental increase of fines seemed appropriate, but the Houses continuously amended the bill and ultimately it never passed. A strong resistance within the creative community rose in conjunction with the fine appropriation. Radio host Dave Ross noted that “The concern, of course, is that if Congress has the power to outlaw one word, it has the power to outlaw another word.... And the fact that it was indecency and not politics doesn't make that much difference, because if you give the government the power to decide what you can hear, you've given them power over discourse.”〔 With responses like these, the legislation eventually lost the momentum behind it.The last action on the bill occurred as it was placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 464 on March 24, 2004. The bill resurfaced again, a year later, still under the sponsorship of Sen. Brownback. This time, it also received disapproval from a fellow state official, who reprised the concern of the creative community as an offense to the United States Constitution. Congressman Gary Ackerman of the 5th District of New York expressed that “We need to defend our Constitution. We need to defend freedom of speech, and that is really what is at stake here. Passing this bill is a huge mistake and this vote will mark a very dark day in American history. We are going down a slippery slope and no one can honestly say where it will stop. A vote for this bill is a frontal assault on our Constitution and the protections that it gives to the American people.” On June 7, 2006 The House of Representatives proposed a roll call of 230 on a motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill. There were 379 yeas, 35 nays, and 18 withheld votes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.congress.org/congressorg/webreturn/?url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c109:S.193: )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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